Effects of COVID-19 pandemics on urinary metabolites in kidney stone patients: our kidney stone prevention clinic experience

BACKGROUND@#The dietary habits and lifestyle changes during the COVID-19 pandemic could affect the urinary risk factors in kidney stone formers. In this study, we investigated the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on 24-h urine metabolites, as a surrogate for dietary intake, in patients with kidney stones, in Tehran, Iran.@*METHODS@#We evaluated the medical records of all patients with urolithiasis who visited in our stone prevention clinic from the beginning of COVID-19 in Iran to 1 year later (Feb 2020-Feb 2021) and compared it with the patients' medical records in the same period a year before COVID-19 (Feb 2019-Feb 2020).@*RESULTS@#The results of our stone prevention clinic showed a decrease in the number of visits during COVID-19. Twenty-four-hour urine urea, sodium, and potassium were significantly lower, and 24-h urine magnesium was significantly higher during COVID-19. Higher 24-h urine oxalate was only shown in patients with the first-time visit, whereas lower 24-h urine uric acid and citrate were only shown in patients with the follow-up visits.@*CONCLUSIONS@#COVID-19 pandemics may change some of the dietary habits of the patients, including lower salt, protein, and fruit and vegetable intake. Although economic issues, restricted access, or sanitation issues may be the reason for the undesirable dietary changes, the importance of a quality diet should be discussed with all patients, as possible. Since the number of patients visited in the stone clinic was lower during COVID-19, virtual visits could be an excellent alternative to motivate patients with kidney stones.

Simultaneous use of oxalate-degrading bacteria and herbal extract to reduce the urinary oxalate in a rat model: A new strategy

ABSTRACT Objective: Urinary stones with oxalate composition can cause kidney failure. Recent findings evidenced that probiotics are effective in reducing oxalate absorption in these subjects based on their high colonic absorption levels at baseline. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simultaneous use of oxalate-degrading bacteria, Urtica dioica and T. terrestris extract in reducing urinary oxalate. Materials and Methods: Anti-urolithiatic activity of Urtica dioica and T. terrestris extract and probiotic by using ethylene glycol induced rat model. In this study, 4 strains of Lactobacillus and 2 strains of Bifidobacterium and also 2 strains of L. paracasei (that showed high power in oxalate degrading in culture media) were used. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=6). The rats of group-I received normal diet (positive control group) and groups-II (negative control group), III, IV rats received diet containing ethylene glycol (3%) for 30 days. Groups III rats received Urtica dioica and T. terrestris extract. Groups IV rats received extracts + probiotic for 30 days. Findings: The results show that the use of herbal extracts (Urtica dioica and T. terrestris) reduced the level of urinary oxalate and other parameters of urine and serum. Also, the accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney tissue was significantly reduced. Conclusion: Considering that the formation of calcium oxalate crystals can cause inflammation and tissue damage in the kidney, the use of herbal extracts with oxalate degrading bacteria can be a new therapeutic approach to preventing the formation of kidney stones.

Effect of phyllanthus niruri on metabolic parameters of patients with kidney stone: a perspective for disease prevention

ABSTRACT Phyllanthus niruri (P.niruri) or stone breaker is a plant commonly used to reduce stone risk, however, clinical studies on this issue are lacking. Objective: To prospectively evaluate the effect of P. niruri on the urinary metabolic parameters of patients with urinary lithiasis. Materials and Methods: We studied 56 patients with kidney stones <10mm. Clinical, metabolic, and ultrasonography assessment was conducted before (baseline) the use of P. niruri infusion for 12-weeks (P. niruri) and after a 12-week (wash out) Statistical analysis included ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey's/McNemar's test for categorical variables. Significance was set at 5%. Results: Mean age was 44±9.2 and BMI was 27.2±4.4kg/m2. Thirty-six patients (64%) were women. There were no significant changes in all periods for anthropometric and several serum measurements, including total blood count, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, calcium, urine volume and pH; a significant increase in urinary potassium from 50.5±20.4 to 56.2±21.8 mg/24-hour (p=0.017); magnesium/creatinine ratio 58±22.5 to 69.1±28.6mg/gCr24-hour (p=0.013) and potassium/creatinine ratio 39.3±15.1 to 51.3±34.7mg/gCr24-hour (p=0.008) from baseline to wash out. The kidney stones decreased from 3.2±2 to 2.0±2per patient (p<0.001). In hyperoxaluria patients, urinary oxalate reduced from 59.0±11.7 to 28.8±16.0mg/24-hour (p=0.0002), and in hyperuricosuria there was a decrease in urinary uric acid from 0.77±0.22 to 0.54±0.07mg/24-hour (p=0.0057). Conclusions: P.niruri intake is safe and does not cause significant adverse effects on serum metabolic parameters. It increases urinary excretion of magnesium and potassium caused a significant decrease in urinary oxalate and uric acid in patients with hyperoxaluria and hyperuricosuria. The consumption of P.niruri contributed to the elimination of urinary calculi.

Alkaline citrate reduces stone recurrence and regrowth after shockwave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the preventive effects of alkaline citrate on stone recurrence as well as stone growth post-ESWL or PCNL in patients with calcium-containing stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 76 patients with calcium calculi who were stone-free or had residual stones less than 4 mm following ESWL and PCNL were enrolled. All patients were independently randomized into two groups. The treated group (N = 39) was given 81 mEq per day of oral potassium-sodium citrate (27 mEq three times a day), and the untreated group (N = 37) serving as controls. Blood, twenty-four hour urine analysis, and plain KUB were measured and compared at the baseline and after 12 months. RESULTS: At baseline, hypocitraturia was found in 20 of 39 patients (46.05 percent) of Group I and 15 of 37 patients (40.5 percent) of Group II. At 12 months, hypocitraturia was found in 3 of 39 (7.69 percent) and 14 of 37 (37.83 percent) of Group I and Group II, respectively (p = 0.007). At the 12 month follow-up, of the stone-free group, 92.3 percent of the treated group and 57.7 percent of the control group were still stone free. Of the residual stone group, 30.8 percent and 9.1 percent of treated and control group were stone-free, respectively. The increased stone size found in 7.7 percent and 54.5 percent of treated and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: Sodium-potassium citrate provides positive effects on stone-forming activities in calcium stone patients suffering from urolithiasis following treatment with ESWL and PCNL procedures at the 12-month follow-up.

Prophylaxis and therapeutic effects of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) on renal stone formation in Balb/c mice

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prophylactic potential of herbal decoction from Rubus idaeus, a medicinal plant widely used in the Middle East to treat kidney stones, by assessing the effect of administration in experimentally induced calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was based on administration of glyoxylate and/or herbal treatments simultaneously for 12 days, followed by histological and biochemical tests. Group I was used as a negative control. Group II was only given daily intra-abdominal injection of glyoxylate (80 mg/Kg). Group III and IV were given 100 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day of aqueous extract of R. idaeus by gavage, respectively in addition to glyoxylate injection. To examine the effect of anti-oxidants on hyperoxaluria-induced changes in kidney, the enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidant levels were assessed. RESULTS: Significant reductions were obtained in the urinary oxalate, calcium and phosphorus values in the herbal-treated groups relative to untreated animals while creatinine excretion increased. Serum oxalate, calcium and creatinine were significantly reduced, while phosphorus was not significantly changed. Kidney content of calcium was higher in the untreated group. Mice in treated groups at 12 days had significantly more superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase (GSH) and G6PD activities than the untreated group. Hyperoxaluria-induced generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls was significantly prevented in the treated groups. R. idaeus had a significantly high content of vitamin E in the herbal treated groups. The histology showed more CaOx deposition in the kidneys of untreated animals. CONCLUSION: Rubus idaeus has an impressive prophylactic effect on CaOx stones in nephrolithic mice. There is a possible role of lipid peroxidation in CaOx stone formation which may has a relationship with the major risk factors in urine including oxalate, calcium, phosphorus and MDA. Further experimental studies are required to elucidate the chemical constituents of the active ingredients of this interesting plant.

Changes in urinary compositions among children after consuming prepared oral doses of aloe (Aloe vera Linn).

OBJECTIVES: 1) To investigate the amount of citrate and tartrate in aloe gel, and in the urine of healthy normal children, before and after consuming fresh aloe gel. 2) To evaluate the changes in the chemical composition of urine among subjects after taking aloe gel. 3) To determine the value of consuming aloe gel for prevention of renal stone formation. DESIGN: Experimental study. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Thirteen healthy boys between 9 and 13 years of age were enrolled (with informed permission) in the clinical trial. Subjects ingested 100 g of fresh prepared aloe gel twice a day for seven consecutive days. The 24-hour urine was collected one day prior to taking the gel (Day 0), Days 2 and 5 of consumption, and Day 8 (one day after completion). The authors determined the urine volume, osmolality, potassium, sodium, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, uric acid, citrate, tartrate, oxalate, Permissible Increment in Calcium (PI Ca), Permissible Increment in Oxalate (PI Ox), Concentration Product Ratio of Calcium Phosphate (CPR CaPO4) and the citrate per creatinine ratio. RESULTS: The citrate and tartrate concentration in 100 g of fresh aloe gel was 96.3 and 158.9 mg, respectively. The 24-hr urine volume and urinary citrate excretion were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The PI Ca and the PI Ox were also significantly increased (p < 0.05). The other measurements were unremarkable. CONCLUSION: One hundred grams of fresh Aloe vera gel contains 96.3 milligrams of citrate and 158.9 milligrams of tartrate and were in the mid-range among Thai fruits. Changes in chemical compositions of urine after aloe gel consumption shows potential for preventing kidney stone formation among children.

Calcium intake and disease prevention / Ingesta de cálcio e prevenção de doença

While the fundamental metabolic function of calcium is to serve as a second messenger, coupling intracellular responses to extracellular signals, nutritional deficiency of calcium is manifested at a higher level of organization: 1) depletion of the calcium nutrient reserve; 2) inadequate complexation of digestive byproducts; and 3) collateral effects of hormones produced primarily to compensate for low calcium intake. The first mechanism contributes to the osteoporosis problem, the second to kidney stones and colon cancer, and the third to hypertension, preeclampsia, obesity, and insulin resistance, among others. Adequate calcium intakes (1000­1500 mg/d) in adults have been shown in controlled trials to lower the risk of osteoporotic fractures, kidney stones, obesity, and hypertension. The best source of calcium is dairy foods, largely because the disorders concerned depend upon multiple nutrients, not just calcium, and dairy provides a broad array of essential nutrients in addition to calcium, and at low cost.

Enquanto a principal função metabólica do cálcio é atuar como um secundo mensageiro, acoplando as respostas intracelulares aos sinais extracelulares, a deficiência nutricional do cálcio é manifestada num nível mais alto de organização: 1) depleção da reserva de cálcio; 2) inadequada formação em complexo digestivo; 3) efeitos colaterais dos hormônios produzidos para compensar a baixa reserva de cálcio. O primeiro mecanismo contribui para o surgimento da osteoporose, o secundo para cálculos renais e câncer, e o terceiro hipertensão arterial, preeclampsia, obesidade e resistência insulínica, entre outros. Uma adequada ingesta de cálcio (1000­1500 mg/d) tem mostrado em estudos clínicos controlados em adultos, reduzir os riscos de fraturas osteoporóticas, cálculos renais, obesidade e hipertensão. A melhor fonte de cálcio são os laticínios, porque além do cálcio, fornecem múltiplos nutrientes e são de baixo custo.

FKBP-12 Exhibits an Inhibitory Activity on Calcium Oxalate Crystal Growth in Vitro

Urolithiasis and calcium oxalate crystal deposition diseases are still significant medical problems. In the course of nephrocalcin cDNA cloning, we have identified FKBP-12 as an inhibitory molecule of calcium oxalate crystal growth. lambdagt 11 cDNA libraries were constructed from renal carcinoma tissues and screened for nephrocalcin cDNA clones using anti-nephrocalcin antibody as a probe. Clones expressing recombinant proteins, which appeared to be antigenically cross-reactive to nephrocalcin, were isolated and their DNA sequences and inhibitory activities on the calcium oxalate crystal growth were determined. One of the clone lambdagt 11 #31-1 had a partial fragment (80 bp) of FKBP-12 cDNA as an insert. Therefore, a full-length FKBP-12 cDNA was PCR-cloned from the lambdagt 11 renal carcinoma cDNA library and was subcloned into an expression vector. The resultant recombinant FKBP-12 exhibited an inhibitory activity on the calcium oxalate crystal growth (Kd=10(-7) M). Physiological effect of the extracellular FKBP-12 was investigated in terms of macrophage activation and proinflammatory cytokine gene induction. Extracellular FKBP-12 failed to activate macrophages even at high concentrations. FKBP-12 seems an anti-stone molecule for the oxalate crystal deposition disease and recurrent stone diseases.

Avaliaçäo de pacientes com litíase renal em regiäo de clima quente / Assessment of kidney stone patients in hot regions

O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um serviço de litíase renal e detectar as alteraçöes metabólicas associadas a essa doença em pacientes da cidade de Catanduva, Säo Paulo. Foram estudados 65 pacientes (40 mulheres e 25 homens), entre 1996 e 1999, com idade variando entre 18 e 67 anos. O protocolo utilizado consistiu de avaliaçäo clínica e exames complementares (bioquímica de imagem e dos principais elementos litogênicos plasmáticos e urinários). Para a análise dos resultados, foi utilizado o teste "t" de Student para amostras independentes e consideradas insignificantes quando p é menor que 0,05. Pelo menos, uma alteraçäo metabólica foi encontrada em 98,5 porcento dos casos avaliados.A reduçäo do volume urinário (77 porcento) foi a alteraçäo metabólica mais frequente, seguida pela hipocitratúria (62 porcento), hiperexcreçäo de ácido úrico (32 porcento), hipercalciúria (27 porcento), outras alteraçöes (8 porcento),e sem alteraçäo detectada (1,5 porcento). A detecçäo de, pelo menos, uma alteraçäo metabólica encontrada na grande maioria dos pacientes avaliados comprova a eficácia do protocolo aplicado nesse trabalho. O estudo sugere que a elevada prevalência de alteraçöes metabólicas associadas à litíase renal justifica a investigaçäo sistemática dos pacientes litiásicos. O estabelecimento de centros regionais com serviço de litíase renal deverá näo só favorecer aos pacientes dessas regiöes, bem como contribuir, no sentido epidemiológico, para um maior conhecimento dessa doença no Brasil.(au)

Involução de litíase renal com citrato de potássio e hidroclorotiazida / Clinical treatment of renal lithiasis with potassium citrate and hidroclorotiazide: a case report

Recentemente tem surgido estudos buscando comprovar os efeitos benéficos da terapêutica com citrato de potássio para prevenção e tratamento da litíase renal. Os autores relatam um caso de involução de cálculo renal e revisam a literatura atual sobre a patogenia dos cálculos, tratamentos disponíveis e prevenção de recidivas

Evaluacion metabolica ante el primer episodio de litiasis renal / Metabolic evaluation before of the first renal lithiasis episode

Existen pocas dudas acerca de la necesidad de estudiar en forma exhaustiva a todo paciente con litiasis renal recurrente. Sin embargo, es controvertida la conducta a adoptar ante el primer episodio. Por tal motivo nos propusimos responder a una serie de interrogantes al cabo de los cuales formularemos nuestro propio criterio. ?Cuál es la recurrencia luego del primer cálculo formado? ?Tienen la misma alteración alteración metabólica el recurrente que aquel que tuvo su primer episodio? ?Son similares los antecedentes familiares an ambos grupos de nefrolitiásicos? ?Cuál es el grado de morbilidad en ambos grupos? ?Son los estudios metabólicos de difícil realización? Luego de responder estos interrogantes con datos aportados por 200 de nuestros pacientes (100 LP y 100LR) y una revisión de la literatura, creemos que tanto los pacientes con un primer episodio como los recurrentes corresponden a una misma población, detectados en diferentes momentos evolutivos. Basándonos en esto, proponemos la siguiente conducta: 1) todo paciente con litiasis renal debe ser estudiado desde el punto de vista metabólico desde su primer espisodio; 2) el estudio metabólico inicial debe ser lo más exhaustivo posible con la finalidad de adecuar una terapéutica específica; 3) las posibilidades de encontrar una alteración metabólica pasible de ser tratada con éxito superan el 90 por ciento

Anticalcifying properties of Dolichos biflorus (horse gram) seeds.

In vitro effect of D. biflorus seeds on crystallization of calcium phosphate, a major constituent of kidney stone has been undertaken. There was a marked decrease in anticalcifying activity with the maturation of seeds or post-harvest storage for 6 months. The results suggested that the inhibitors of crystallization present in seed extract of D. biflorus were water soluble, heat stable, polar, non-tannin and non-protein in nature. There were two or more different inhibitors of calcium phosphate precipitation since both the dialysate and the dialysed fractions contained inhibitory activity, though it was more in the dialysed fractions. The anticalcifying activity was lost completely with activated charcoal which was not recovered or eluted by any solvent tried.

Changes in urinary chemical composition in healthy volunteers after consuming roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) juice.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes of urine in normal subjects after consuming roselle juice in different concentrations and durations which may help the treatment and prevention of renal stone disease. Thirty-six healthy men participated in the study, in which urinalysis, urine electrolytes and indices for measurements of concentration of urine were determined before, during and after roselle juice consumption. The urine after consumption of roselle juice showed a decrease of creatinine, uric acid, citrate, tartrate, calcium, sodium, potassium and phosphate but not oxalate in urinary excretion. The CPR values of the majority of each individual increased and means PI values decreased in phase 1. Contrarily, the CPR values of the majority of volunteers decreased and means PI values increased in phase 2. In conclusion a low dose of roselle juice (16 g/day) caused more significant decrease in salt output in the urine than a high dose (24 g/day). The urinary changes were similar to the observations on villagers with and without stones in northeastern Thailand.

Restoration of tissue antioxidants and prevention of renal stone deposition in vitamin B6 deficient rats fed with vitamin E or methionine.

Observed loss in body weight gain, increased lipid peroxidation reaction, decreased concentrations of antioxidants, ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol and reduced glutathione and antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and catalase and increased concentration of hydroperoxides and hydroxyl radicals in vitamin B6 deficient rat liver [J Nutri Biochem, 2 (1991) 245] and kidney [Biochem International, 21 (1991) 599] were nearly normalized on feeding with vitamin E or methionine. Accumulation of oxalate and calcium during vitamin B6 deficiency was abolished by feeding vitamin E or methionine. Calcium oxalate deposition observed in vitamin B6 deficient kidney was completely prevented when fed along with vitamin E or methionine. However the hyperoxaluria and hypercalciuria persisted even after feeding with vitamin E or methionine.

Tratamiento de la nefrolitiasis y la ureterolitiasis / Nephrolithiasis and ureteroliasis treatment

El desarrollo tecnológico esta revolucionando el tratamiento de la litiasis urinaria mediante la introducción de métodos no quirúrgicos e incluso no invasores que garantizan elevadas tasas de curación con minimas complicaciones y enorme reducción de la incapacidad posterior al tratamiento. Una vez eliminados los cálculos, el tratamiento médico puede ayudar a prevenir las recidivas con base en un adecuado estudio de los factores de riesgo y su modificación mediante diversas modalidades terapéuticas que permitan corregir las alteraciones fisicoquímicas responsables de la formación de cálculos urinarios.

Diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento de la litiasis renal y de vías urinarias / Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of renal lythiasis and the urinary tract

La litasis de riñón y vías urinarias representa un grave problema de salud pública, por tanto, merece un abordaje sistematizado para evitar su recurrencia mediante métodos de diagnóstico precisos que orientan terapia eficaz. En este trabajo se revisan los resultados de un protocolo que se diseñó para establecer las causas metabólicas responsables de litogenicidad en 626 pacientes estudiados en dos etapas: I (1979-1987) 185 casos. En la etapa I el protocolo incluyó determinaciones en suero y orina de 24 hs de electrolitos, iones divalentes, fosforo, ácido úrico, cistina, filtración glomerular, evaluación del funcionamiento paratiroideo con hormona paratiroidea, Tm fosfato y a partir de 1982 (Ia) con AMP cíclico antes y después de una carga oral de calcio. En la etapa II se añadieron determinaciones de inhibidores de la nucleación de cristales (magnesio y citrato) y de promotores de la misma (oxalato). En 185 casos de la etapa I se desmostró en el 88.2 por ciento de los pacientes alguna variedad de trastorno metabólico, en la etapa II se detectó alguna alteración metabólica en el 96.2 por ciento de los casos. El 55 por ciento de los casos acudieron dos años al seguimiento y el 39 por ciento acudieron hasta cuatro años. El número de cálculos expulsados por paciente por año antes del estudio fue de 2.8 y durante el tratamiento se redujo a 0.8. La elevada eficiencia diagnóstica y la vigilancia sistematizada del tratamiento durante los tres años que siguieron al diagnóstico, resultaron en un abatimiento significativo de la producción de cálculos en este nutrido grupo de pacientes, lo cual justifica la integración de este protocolo a la Clínica de Litiasis Renal y de Vías Urinarias

Cateterismo vesical intermitente / Intermittent bladder catheterization

Os autores apresentam a técnica de cateterismo vesical intermitente näo-estéril indicada nas situaçöes agudas ou crônicas que se acompanham de dificuldade no esvaziamento da bexiga. Este procedimento, a superdistensäo da bexiga, preserva o suprimento sanguíneo e o estado funcional da mesma. Os índices de infecçäo urinária, incontinência, litíase e deterioraçäo do aparelho urinário superior e inferior foram comparados com os outros métodos de esvaziamento vesical utilizados. A eficácia terapêutica a curto e longo prazo e a simplicidade da técnica proporcionou-lhe a grande aceitaçäo entre os profissionais de saúde e os pacientes